i have often heard that the 20th century was the bloodiest in recorded history. it’s pretty sad that in 100 years of modernity we managed to slaughter more people than in 2000+ years of prehistory. but i was listening to “fresh air” and the president of Harvard, who has just written about how the Civil War affected American attitudes toward death and dying, had some insight into why that really is.
in the Victorian era, here and elsewhere in the West, death was viewed as something intimate to be shared with the family at home. the concept of dying alone and unmourned was foreign and strange. so when the Civil War comes along, and more Americans lose their lives than in all the 20th century wars that followed combined, death becomes a detached, dark, and lonely endeavour.
the straggling Union and Confederate armies could not afford the time or manpower to give every fallen soldier a proper burial. bodies were gathered and thrown haphazardly into half-dug ditches, covered with dirt and subsequently forgotten. the author read part of a letter from a dying Union soldier to his father, in which he states his father can be “happy” knowing how his son had succumbed to death, rather than living with an unsolved mystery for the rest of his days.
i began to consider, with the author’s help, the factors at play in American culture at the time. religiously, people as a whole believed in the resurrection of the body as well as the soul. amputees then began to worry they would be resurrected in pieces. at the end of the 19th century, the religious establishment clashed with growing skeptics as the Modern Age began over the theory of evolution; man resisted terming himself an animal, even as on the battlefield he insisted upon killing and dying like one.
now, i’ve never been a detractor of evolution, or a proponent of creationism, by any means. but it is interesting to think that parallel to the rise of the Hobbesian man as “noble beast” was the climax of human animalisation, as we began to slaughter each other like lambs across the young United States. as evolution began to take hold as plausible, the bloodiest century in human history began to unfold. this undoubtedly coincides more with powerful nations attempting to unseat one another with increasingly more devastating weapons. but perhaps just as we began to look at each other more as evolved beasts rather than spirits cloaked in flesh with a noble purpose (still descended from apes and primordial goo, of course: it’s a question of self-perception), so did we begin to view dying less as an honorable, intimate experience and more as just another process in the rapid evaporation of our lives.





















